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Hort essentially avoided the issue by proposing translation and transcription errors. Attempts to explain plague 10 vary greatly. It is the 10th plague - the seemingly inexplicably pattern of selective killing of Egyptian firstborn humans and animals yet sparing all Hebrew humans and animals - that has posed the thorniest problem for rational elucidation. Therefore, while differing in detail, previous scholars have considered that living agents and abnormal climatic conditions (also manifested in the hail of plague 7 and the winds of plague 8) account for the first nine plagues. In contrast to varying opinions as to plagues 1 and 5, authors of the three papers addressing plague 9 all agreed the cause was a sandstorm. They also revived consideration of viral origin for plague 5 by suggesting that two viruses - African horse sickness and Bluetongue - were responsible, having been spread by vector insects of plague 3. Moreover, they presented a model in which each of the first nine plagues shaped the next, thereby greatly advancing the concept of sequential plague causation. Thereafter, Marr and Malloy suggested a different species of freshwater dinoflagellates (cyanobacteria) for plague 1 and made a connection with plague 2 by proposing that dinoflagellate toxins forced frogs to flee the river. Hoyte, in 1993, postulated different fresh water dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium and Glenodinium sp.) as causing plague 1, but agreed with Schoental that the flies of plague 4 transmitted the agent of plague 5, and also caused plague 6 As origin of plague 5, Hoyte rejected previously suggested bacterial and viral agents - including Bacillus anthracis and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) - based upon differing livestock susceptibilities to infectious agents, offering instead the protozoon, Trypanosoma evansi.
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She, however, proposed a sequential plague connection, e.g., the flies of plague 4 transmitting an unknown infectious agent to cause plague 5. Several decades later, Schoental suggested that red tide due to pigment-producing marine dinoflagellates was responsible for the bloody Nile and fish kill. She proposed that the unusually strong river overflow caused anthrax spores in contaminated soil to germinate and initiate the epizootic of plague 5 and attributed all but the hail of plague 7 to Nile overflow. In the late 1950s, Hort attributed the bloody appearance of the Nile River and the fish kill of plague 1 to reddish silt and freshwater flagellates ( Euglenia sanguinea, Haematococcus pluvialis) being carried downstream by torrential waters to overflow onto the flood plain of the Nile Delta.
Old testament bible in tamil pdf serial#
These are characterized by differing suggestions for origins of plagues 1 and 5, and whether there was a common source for some plagues, or alternatively serial connections between them. Over the past half-century, authors of four key papers have put forward competing scientific views. In parallel with scientific advances, succeeding authors have offered progressively rational explanations for the plagues, as well summarized by Marr and Malloy. Firstborn Egyptians and their surviving firstborn animals die, while Israelites and their livestock live. Strong winds bear swarms of locusts to obliterate remaining crops. An especially severe thunderstorm with lightning and hailstones destroys crops near harvest.
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An epizootic kills different types of livestock in pasture. Frogs leave the Nile for dry land, invade Egyptian homes and die, causing a great stench. the Nile River turns bloody, fouling drinking water and killing fish. In light of present day knowledge, we offer a fresh, cohesive, and rational explanation of these events, with the implication that they could recur. Indeed, biblical scholars in a 21st century translation of the Old Testament concede that from an historical standpoint, the first nine plagues resemble natural events well known in the Middle East, save for their patterns and rapid succession. The vivid Old Testament saga of the 10 plagues that devastated the land of Egypt and its people (Exodus 1-12) has intrigued some to seek rational explanations for a chronicle of disasters that befell one population yet spared another.